P.O.V. Shot Film

Technical

Shorthand for point of view shot.  It is a shot that is taken from the point of view from one of the characters.  It allows the film viewers to see things how an actor is seeing them.  The shot is useful to achieve a believable reaction shot.

pa ndau Quilting

General
A kind of reverse applique that began in Southeast Asia among the Hmong people.

packet aggregation Computer

General

Packet aggregation in networking is the combining of several packets together in the efforts to reduce the number of server requests by the transmission of packets.  

paint Color

General

Pigment held in suspension within a liquid.

paint binder Painting

General

The ingredients inside a coating that keep the pigment particles floating and join them to the substrate; binders are made up of resins, such as alkyd, latex and oils.  The properties of the binder affect several of the paint's capabilities - such as adhesion and color retention.

Palette Art Materials and General Art Terms

General

A surface area where a painter is able to freely mix and squeeze paint before applying to paint to a piece of artwork.  The term “palette” is also a term that refers to the choice of colors an artist is working with.

Pan Film

Technical

The horizontal movement of a camera along an axis.  The move can go from left to right or vice versa.  Similar to a dolly shot, a camera turns on an axis (instead of across an area).  A pan is not the same thing as a tilt.  One should use the word tilt instead of saying something like, “pan up.” 

Pan Cel Animation

General

A background, drawing or animation cel with measurements up to 12 inches by 30 inches. 

panne velvet Interior Decorating

Product
A velvet fabric revealing a very shiny surface.

Pantone Matching System Graphic Design

General

The Pantone matching system is a system that functions as a method to distinguish and blend match colors.  Designers are given more than seven hundred colors to choose from; printers are given the necessary recipes to create these colors. 

Pantone Matching System (PMS) Graphic Design

General

PMS is the standard color-matching method that graphic designers and printers use for materials – such as ink and paper.  Percentage mixtures of various primary inks make up a standard color called a “PMS color.”

Paper Tape Film

Product

A thin roll of tape.  It tapes down a film’s ends when one is editing.  Paper tape is not the same thing as splicing tape, and it should not be put on raw stock. 

Papyrus Calligraphy

General

Papyrus is the first form of paper.  It is a rough material created by hammering strips of fiber together that come from the stem of the papyrus plant. 

Parallel Editing Film

Technical

A method of cutting between a couple of scenes or stories that are happening at the same time. 

parallel lines Art Perspective

General

Parallel Lines are lines that run in the same direction; they never touch each other because the distance running between them is always the same.  In perspective drawing, lines that are parallel converge in the distance at  a vanishing point.    

Parallel lines (...in math) Math

Technical

 Lines that never meet, and always remain the same distance apart. 

Parallel perspective Art Perspective

General

Parallel perspective is a type of linear perspective.  All categories of linear perspective include a horizon line and a stationary point (the position of the observer).  In one-point perspective, only one vanishing point exists; lines radiate outwardly from this point, and perpendicular lines meet at this point.  Parallel perspective is the same as one-point perspective. 

parapet Carpentry

General
The section of a wall or railing that projects over a roof, a balcony or bridge.

Parchment Calligraphy

General


Parchment is a type of writing material made from the innermost layer of sheepskin.
 

pargeting Carpentry

General
A layer of plaster put over brick or stone to create a desired surface, such as a smooth or embellished surface.

parquet Interior Decorating

General
An inlaid mosaic of wood frequently made with various colors.

partial piecing Quilting

Technical
A method that uses a partial seam to get rid of setting in a piece.

particleboard Carpentry

Product
A panel made up of wood flakes or shavings that are joined together with a binder, such as a synthetic resin.

partition Carpentry

General
A wall that divides an area within a building.

party wall Carpentry

General
A wall shared by two people or groups under easement agreement. The wall is placed on a line that divides the two sections of land which is often controlled by two separate parties.

passive solar construction Carpentry

General
Masonry, glass or wood structures that store and move energy from the sun.

Paste-Up Graphic Design

Technical

A paste-up is the preparation of mechanicals.  In regard to desktop publishing, this involves the page-assembly software that allows the user to accomplish the electronic pasteup.  In terms of traditional publishing, it involves the layout and pasting of type and graphics onto a board. 

Pastels Art Materials and General Art Terms

Product

A mixture of gum, water and pigments combined and then pressed to create a stick for artists to use.  The sticks can be used over a variety of surfaces, including paper and canvas.  There are different kinds of pastels, including oil pastels and chalk pastels.  The term also refers to the name of artworks created using the medium of pastels. 

patch Quilting

General
A shape of fabric that is stitched together with other shapes of fabric to create a quilt.

patchwork Quilting

General
A group of smaller pieces of fabric stitched together to create a larger unit.

patchwork quilt Quilting

General
A type of quilt whose top is created out of pieces of fabric to create one bigger piece. The quilt may follow a design or simply be organized in block units.

Patina Sculpture

General

The natural effects of time and air exposure on a surface.  Specifically, it may refer to the greenish brown effect that takes place on bronze pieces from exposure and aging.  This term may also apply to the build up of characteristics that occur on leather products over time. 

Patination Sculpture

General
Patination is the enhancement of bronze by applying color to it through a chemical process.  The majority of patinas are created from the three water soluble compounds of cupric nitrate (creates greens and blues), ferric nitrate (creates browns and reds) and sulphurated potash (creates black).  A knowledgeable patineur is able to create a number of colors, both opaque and transparent.  When the bronze is finished, a patineur will place a coat of clear wax over the bronze to improve and keep intact the patina.  

 

pattern Quilting

General
The template or outline for the creator to follow in regard to putting together fabric pieces.

pattern drafting Quilting

Technical
A method of drawing a pattern correctly based upon a size requirement.

pattern, double-line Quilting

General
A pattern that has its seam allowances marked.

pattern, single-line Quilting

General
A pattern that is the final size of the quilt without including the seam allowances. The stitching line is the line marking the edge of the fabric piece.

pearl cotton Quilting

Product
A type of cotton thread with the appearance of silk. Often used for tying quilts together or for embroidery.

Pectoralis Major Artist Anatomy

General

Part of the shoulder girdle, the pectoralis major is positioned at the medial half of the clavicle, the lateral surface of the sternum, and the top of the abdominal aponeurosis.  It is a ridge on the front of the humerus beneath the head.  It is responsible for moving the arm over and across the body and allowing the upper arm to rotate inwardly. 

 

pedicel Gardening

General
The single stalk of a bunch of fruit or a single flower stalk.

peduncle Gardening

General
The single stalk of an individual flower or bunch of flowers.

peening Welding

Technical
Compressing the metal by working the metal with a pointed hammer or covering the metal with a small steel shot.

Pen Angle Calligraphy

General

In calligraphy, a pen angle is the angle that a nib connects with the paper in relation to the base line. 

Pencil Art Materials and General Art Terms

Product


A tool used to create drawings.  It may consist of colored wax, charcoal, or graphite that is in the form of a stick.  The stick’s end point may be sharpened and held under a surface of wood.  It may also be placed in a mechanical holder for better handling.
 

Pencil Model Sheet Animation

General

A number of original animation pencil drawings all grouped on a single sheet.  The sheet is used to show the many positions and expressions of an animated character. 

penetration Welding

General
The amount of space from the molten puddle to the base metal of the weld metal.

penny Carpentry

General
A unit of measurement that applies to casing, finishing, common, and box nails. The abbreviation letter d is used to indicate the measurement of the nail length.

Pentimento Art Materials and General Art Terms

General

A certain state of paintings that occurs when pigments containing lead become transparent from aging.  The process reveals layers of paint applied earlier on.

perennials Gardening

General
Plants that live more than two years.

Perf Film

General

Shorthand for perforations.  Perforations are the sprocket holes on a section of film footage.

permanent press Quilting

General
A fabric finish that builds memory into the fiber of a fabric to prevent wrinkling.

Peroneus Longus Artist Anatomy

General

Part of the lower leg, the peroneus longus includes the lateral condyle of the tibia, the lateral surface of the fibula, and the front of the head of the fibula.    It is located at a tendon running down the posterior side of the ankle and under the foot to the first metatarsal.  It is responsible for pointing the foot, bringing the bottom of the foot from side-to-side.

perpendicular lines Art Perspective

General
Perpendicular lines are straight lines that meet at right angles.  The letter "L" is an example of perpendicular lines.  

 

perspective drawing Art Perspective

General
Perspective drawing is a type of technique employed by artists and others to create 3D pictures on a 2D picture plane.  

Perspective drawing was developed by Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446) and Leon Baptista Alberti (1404 - 1472), two architects from the 15th century.  It was one of the main ideas behind Western art until the Cubists started to question it during the early 1900s. There are two main types of perspective drawing; they include linear perspective and aerial perspective.  Linear perspective is perspective as it relates to the arrangement of shapes in space.  Aerial perspective is perspective as it relates to changes of the atmosphere through the use of tones and color.
“Perspective is to painting what the bridle is to the horse, the rudder to a ship...There are three aspects to perspective.  The first has to do with how the size of objects seems to diminish according to distance; the second, the manner in which colors change the farther away they are from the eye; the third defines how objects ought to be finished less carefully the farther away they are.”  (Quote by Leonardo da Vinci)
 
 
 
 

 

perspective grid Art Perspective

General
A grid created mathematically; people use it as a measuring guide in order to make in-scale perspective drawings.  

 

pests Gardening

General
A number of animals and insects that destroy plants. Examples include slugs, rabbits, and mites.

pH Gardening

General
The amount of alkalinity or acidity of soil on the scale range of 0 - 14. Soil is neutral at 7.0 and most acidic at 0.

phase-change materials Carpentry

General
A material that transforms from a solid to eventually gaseous state that allows for storage of high levels of energy.

phosphorus Gardening

General
One of the three essential nutrients a plant must have in order to grow. Seeds, roots and flowers are assisted by the prescence of phosphorus.

Photo Flood Film

Product

A powerful screw-in light bulb.  It is used along with a clamp light fixture and ranges from 250 watts to 500 watts.

photosynthesis Carpentry

Technical
The method by which plants store the sun's energy. Sunlight is changed into carbon dioxide and water by trees to create wood and leaves.

Pica Graphic Design

General

A pica is a measurement utilized in typography for the widths of columns as well as other space measurements in a page layout.  There are about six picas to one inch; twelve points are contained within one pica.

pickling Welding

Technical
Placing metal in a chemical - such as diluted acid - with the intent of cleaning the metal from scale, oil or other matter clinging to the metal's surface.

Pictogram Calligraphy

General

A pictogram is a type of pictorial symbol.  It symbolizes a certain image or object.

Picture Frame Drawing

Equipment

A picture frame refers to the horizontal and vertical dimensions of a picture.

picture plane Art Perspective

General

A picture plane is the two-dimensional surface upon which a painting/drawing is created.  A window can be understood as a picture plane as one looks out to the scene beyond it.  

pieced border Quilting

General
A strip of material made up of patchwork units that will be stitched onto the inner quilt.

piecing Quilting

Technical
A method of stitching together pieces of fabric to create a patchwork quilt.

piecing diagram Quilting

General
An organized system to put together a patchwork block.

piecing stitch Quilting

General
A type of stitch used in a patchwork quilt made by hand.

pier Carpentry

General
A masonry column that functions as a support for other structural members in a building.

Pigeon Film

Equipment

A round, rather hefty disc that contains a lighting stud.  A pigeon assists to position a light on the floor.  It can go a lot lower than what a stand can normally be positioned to do. Basically, a pigeon works like a hi hat – but for lights. 

pigment Color

General
The powder color substance used in the creation of paints.

Pigment Ink Print Making

Product

Pigment inks are pigments of color that are ground vey finely and then suspended inside a liquid in order to create an ink.  The pigment creates a lightfast material or ink that is more resistant to fading.  Pigment based inks being made today may be over one hundred years lightfast.  However, the lightfastness is determined by various factors such as the paper type, the storage conditions, and the place producing the ink. 

Pigments Art Materials and General Art Terms

Product

Colored particles combined with adhesive binders in order to create paint.

pilaster Carpentry

General
A section of a wall that extends up to half of its width past the exterior or interior surface of a wall. A pilaster may be used solely for decorative purposes, but is most often a means of supporting weight in a structure.

pile Carpentry

General
A member that is created from concrete, metal or timber that is cast or heavily forced into the ground in order to be the main support for future structural members.

Pile (surface) Carpets/Rugs

General

A surface that is made from carpet threads; the threads may be manipulated in a variety of ways to create the "look."  Threads may be twisted, looped, cut...etc to create the desired effect.

Pile Density Carpets/Rugs

General

Also known as "average pile yarn weight." It is the pile yarn weight within a carpet's unit volume.  Carpets are denser when the turfts are nearer to each other.  It is desirable for a carpet to have high pile density because the durability of the carpet will be greater.

Pile Weight Carpets/Rugs

General

The sum total weight of a carpet's face.

pillow tuck Quilting

General
The section of a quilt that will be doubled under a bed pillow.

Pilottone Film

General

A 60 Hz signal reference that is used for sync sound filming (50 Hz in Europe).  It is recorded on an audio tape in order to make possible transfer to magazine exactly at sound speed. 

pin-basting Quilting

Technical
A method used to hold material pieces together using pins rather than thread.

pin-matching Quilting

Technical
A method for correctly aligning the seam lines of two material pieces by placing a pin into matchpoints located at the start and finish of the seam lines.

pinching Gardening

Technical
A method of pruning plants using scissors or one's forefingers) in order to make a plant grow hardy and sturdy.

pitch Carpentry

General
An incline; a rise separated by the span. Examples include stairs or roofs.

Pix Film

General

Pix stands for picture used on the leader.

Pixel (graphic design) Graphic Design

General

A pixel is the smallest unit of measurement that a device can work with.  Usually the term “pixel” is used in reference to display monitors since a pixel is the smallest area of phosphor that a screen can light up.  If you enlarge an image on a computer screen, you can view the individual color pixels that make up that image.

placement line Quilting

General
A marking line used to arrange material pieces.

plan Carpentry

General
A drawing that visualizes a floor of a building or other horizontal plane areas.

Planar Analysis Drawing

General

Planar analysis refers to the structural analysation of a form.  Rather than using curves, the form is described using major planes. 

plancier Carpentry

General
The bottom side of a cornice or eave.

Plane (drawing) Drawing

General

A plane is simply a surface or a flat area. 

plaster Carpentry

General
The combination of cement, sand, and lime that is applied to the exterior and interior of a wall face as a kind of surface covering.

Plastic (drawing) Drawing

General

Plastic refers to the representation of three-dimensionality or action that occurs in a picture in relation to the flat picture plane.  Plastic space is not the same thing as perspective space. 

Plastic Leader Film

General

A plastic leader is placed at the tail and head of a print.  It is longer-lasting than emulsion leader and cheaper.  One determent is that a plastic leader cannot be cement spliced and therefore cannot be used for the negative. 

Plasticizer Art Materials and General Art Terms

Product

Ingredients mixed into paint in order to increase the paint’s fluidity or to bring it to a state in which it can be quickly dissolved.

plat Carpentry

General
A visual representation of a location to determine the location and edges of properties.

plate Carpentry

General
A base member of a division. Also, a member put on a wall or placed on studs, corbels or posts. A plate either carries the rafters directly or carries the trusses of a roof.

Plated Leather

Technical

A type of special effect that improves the natural grain of leather. 

Platemark Print Making

General

A platemark is simply an indentation that occurs at the edge of a printed image.  It results from the plate pushing itself into the paper while it passes through the printing press.  These kinds of impressions are made in etching and intaglio print processes in which that image is on a metal plate.

platform framing Carpentry

Technical

usual method of building that limits all stud height to only one floor (unlike balloon framing)

plating Welding

General
The outside coat layer of either copper, nickel, zinc, chromium or other kinds of heavy metals in order to embellish an object's appearance or prevent corrosion of the original metal.

pleated patchwork Quilting

General
A piece of fabric is positioned with a patchwork template and joined to a muslin foundation square. It is then doubled to create a pleat and more pieces are joined to the foundation covering the stitching of other previous pieces of joined fabric.

Plein Air Art Materials and General Art Terms

General

A French term that means “open air.”  It is applied to paintings that are completed outside right in front of the subject matter.

plot plan Carpentry

General
The building site as seen from the top. Also known as a site plan. The distance from property lines to a building structures are visible.

plug weld Welding

General
A type of circular weld created by making a hole in one section of a tube or blind channel and joining it to a second piece inserted inside. Also known as a rosette weld.

plumb Carpentry

General
Being vertical. Being perpendicular to the ground.

plumbing Carpentry

Technical
Installing items such as fixtures and pipes to conduct water and wastes in or out of an area. Plumbing also refers to the installed pipes and fixtures in a structure.

plumbing stack Carpentry

General
Referring to the upright main of the waste, vent piping or soil system.

plunge cutting Carpentry

Technical
A technique of cutting that creates a beginning hole for the insertion of a saber saw. The blade is held flush with the surface of the wood. As the saw is angled to the standard position the cut is finished.

Point (typography) Graphic Design

General

A point is a measurement in typography that designates leading, type size and other space details within the layout of a page.  There are about seventy points to one inch; one pica is twelve points.

point cutting Cosmetology

Technical
A hair cutting method that creates a textured look.  This method is most often used to create hairstyles that have a high impact, chunky appearance, because the method allows the angles in the haircut to be changed in a definite, edgy way.  It is important to be aware of styling techniques that may be required to enhance this type of cut on a day to day basis before going through with the hair cut. 

 

Point of View Art Perspective

General

A point of view in drawing is simply what position an observer is in relation to the objects in a picture.  The point of view is determined by where a viewer is stationed in relation to everything else he sees.  For example, if one has a birds-eye view, one will see objects beneath him.  If one has a normal view, objects will appear how he normally sees them.  If one has a worms-eye view, objects will appear much larger than normal.

polarity Welding

General
The way in which a current flows from negative to positive or from positive to negative.

Polyester Base Film

Product

A long-lasting kind of film that is very difficult to rip.  It takes skill and practice to splice polyester base.  It cannot be used as original material, because it cannot be cement spliced.  The benefit of polyester base is that it lasts awhile and can tolerate usage well – a fact that lends it well to release prints. 

Polygon Math

Technical

A close planed figure that has three or more sides.

Polymath Art Materials and General Art Terms

General
A polymath (also known as a "renaissance man") is a person who is intellectually exceptional in various areas, specifically in the areas of the sciences and the arts.  

 

Polymer Art Materials and General Art Terms

General

A number of monomers joined together to create repeating forms. 

polystyrene panels Carpentry

Product
A stiff insulation that is created from beads of plastic that expand.

polyvinyl resin emulsion glue Carpentry

Product
Interior wood glue. It is created from polyvinyl acetates that cannot be used in temperatures over 165 degrees F.

pongee Interior Decorating

Product
A durable soft fabric created from silk with a knotty weave, often used to add a flowing element to a room.

pony wall Animation

Equipment

wall that is framed between the foundation and the first floor at the structure’s perimeter

Pop Art Art Styles/Movements

General

Pop Art was characterized with a focus on popular culture that expanded upon the prosperity of the post-war society in the 1950s and 1960s.  The movement started in the USA but also expanded to England.  The movement used subject matter such as comic strips, soda bottles, and soup cans and turned them into icons of the day.  The movement was actually a child of Dadaism; it sarcastically made fun of the art world through its use of urban images, products from grocery stores, and the mass media.  Pop Art was about communicating how these objects are themselves works of art.  Anything seemed game to include in a Pop artist’s artwork.  Andy Warhol brought the movement to the forefront when he made screen prints of the highly recognizable Coke bottle, Campbell soup tin, and famous Hollywood stars.  By taking the techniques and methods of the commercial world, Warhol was able to make artwork that appeared machine-made and sleek.  Unlike their introverted painting counterparts, Pop artists were extroverted in their sharing of their images with the public.  The movement was immensely successful and played a big influence on artists and the public.  Other key artists beside Warhol include Claes Oldenburg, Roy Lichtenstein, Roy Hamilton, Jasper Johns, and Robert Rauschenberg.

porosity Welding

General
Gas pockets resulting from incorrect weld temperature or a contaminated weld; it often results from excessive heat of the weld bead.

portico Carpentry

General
A porch that is made up of a roof that is held up by a row of columns.

positioning elements Computer

General

Elements may be positioned several ways in CSS, and several rules are enforced that govern the containing block of the element and how it is presented in that element.  There are 4 kinds of positioning, including: 1) static positioning 2) relative positioning 3) absolute positioning and 4) fixed positioning 

Post-Impressionism Art Styles/Movements

General


(1880-1920) Post Impressionism refers to an extension of Impressionism that embraced not limiting itself to just the style characterized by Impressionism.  Roger Fry coined the term for artists that included among others Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and Paul Cézanne.  With the exception of Van Gogh, they were French artists who had participated in Impressionism but gradually had moved into their own unique style of creating artwork.  Each expressed theirselves differently, but they all stayed true to using the pure, bright colors and short brushstrokes of Impressionism.  Post-Impressionism played a significant role in much of the artwork created in the early 1900s and beyond.  Most Post-Impressionists would exhibit at the same time, however each tended to paint by himself.  It was Van Gogh and Gauguin that sought to fill their artwork with their own spiritual and individual creativity.  Gauguin eventually rejected naturalism in favor of what he saw as a more truer aesthetic in art which involved a thick outline and flat color in his paintings.  He painted Tahitians using harmonious, often unusual, color combinations.  Van Gogh is credited with sincerely using his art to convey his passionate emotions.  He started out using the short brushstrokes of the Impressionists, but eventually turned to wavy, alive lines of color that were distorted.  His paintings were filled with brilliant color and heavy paint.  Not long after Post-Impressionism, Fauvism and Cubism came into play which used Post-Impressionistic ideas of creating intense emotions through the use of color and manipulation of line.  Other key Post-Impressionist painters include Auguste Rodin and
Amedeo Modigliani.
 

Posterior Artist Anatomy

General

The term posterior is a descriptive word regarding the locations of the body. Posterior refers to the back-side of the figure.

Posterization Graphic Design

Technical

Posterization is the decrease of the amount of gray scales in an image or graphic in order to create a high-contrast effect.

postheating Welding

Technical
Creating stress relief by applying heat to a weld after its completion.

Postmodernism Art Styles/Movements

General



Postmodernism refers to a wide spectrum of progressions in the fields of philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, and critical theory that grew in relation to modernism.  Postmodernists were disillusioned with the repercussions of WWII.  They stayed away from anything that might lend itself to containing a focused hierarchy or organization element.  Rather, they attached themselves to the idea of being contradictory, diverse, being unified, and being complex in the extreme.  Many significant changes were happening socially, culturally and economically in the 1960s.  Postmodernism in art stemmed from these changes.  In fact, the term was first officially used in 1949 to explain the discontent felt in the architecture of the times, which in turn led to the postmodern architecture movement.  The movement then spread to other movements – including art. In relation to art, Postmodernism is an encompassing term that refers to a range of cultural attitudes that embrace the idea of approaching art in a more spontaneous, more populist way.  It covers a wide spectrum of art and artists.  More than anything, it is more like an attitude and approach to creativity rather than a specific manner or style of artwork.  Examples of well-known Post Modernist artists include: Jasper Johns,Frank Stella, Donald Judd, Bridget Riley, and Joseph Beuys.
 

potassium Gardening

General
One of the three essential nutrients a plant must have in order to grow. It is needed in the general growth of the plant.

potbound Gardening

General
A plant that is grown in a container that contains roots that are massed together.

pouf/pouffed Interior Decorating

Technical
A fluffy portion of an object or a piece of cloth, to make fluffy.

Pounce Calligraphy

General

Pounce is a type of fine powder.  It is functions as a preventative measure to stop ink from spreading on paper that is not sized.  It is also used to get the surface of parchment ready to take on ink. 

pouncing Quilting

General
A standard technique to create marks on quilting templates. Tiny holes are created on a paper pattern or piece of cardboard. Next, a powder - like substance (like cornstarch) is then dusted over the holes to leave marks on the fabric.

Practical Film

Product

A photo flood-related kind of bulb.  It is included within a shot.  Sometimes the term is used instead of photo flood; however, practical refers in particular to a light placed within the shot.

prairie points Quilting

General
Doubled material triangles that are incorporated into the quilt as an edge finish.

Pre-Raphaelites Art Styles/Movements

General

(1848-1920s)

An art movement begun by Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais.  They formed a group of artists that desired to emulate painting styles used before the time of Raphael.  The initial group of Pre-Raphaelites included: Rossetti, his brother William, James Collinson, Thomas Woolner, Hunt and Millais.  The members focused on studying medieval scenes and using powerful symbolism in their work in the desire to inspire others to thoughts of nobleness.  At first critics thought that by the name the group was insinuating that they were better artists than Raphael.  However, critic John Ruskin saw in their ideas a good thing which helped the group to succeed.  The group eventually broke up when Millais' 'Ophelia' (1850-1851) was exhibited with great success at the Academy Exhibition.

Another Brotherhood was created that was founded in Oxford.  The group, made up of Rossetti, William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones, created paintings filled with ethereal beautiful women.  Millais and Hunt went off in their own individual directions, though they continued the practice of following the ideas of the first group.  Other artists caught onto the ideas of the Pre-Raphaelites such as Maxwell Armfield and Frank Cadogan Cowper.  Eventually movement fizzled out and other art styles replaced it around the 1920s. 
 

Pre-roll Film

General

Excess time at the start of a sound take in order to take into account the slow, lock-up time of a few post production time code mechanisms. 

prebiotic Fermentation

General

A prebiotic is a non-digestible fermented food substance that fosters the proliferation and activity of good bacteria in the intestinal tract.  When a prebiotic and a probiotic are put together, they create a “symbiotic.”  Kefir and yogurt are considered to be symbiotic because not only do they host live, beneficial bacteria, but they also contain the fuel or food that the probiotic bacteria needs in order to survive and thrive in the digestive tract. 

 

 

Precipitate Art Materials and General Art Terms

General

A non-moving particle that dyes are laked to.

Predella Art Materials and General Art Terms

General
A predella is the step or platform that an alter rests upon.  In regards to painting, it is the sculptures or paintings that follow the frame at the foot of the altarpiece.  

 

prefabricated construction Carpentry

Technical
A kind of construction that contains a low level of assembly at the building site. A number of big units that are made at a plant are used.

preheating Welding

Technical
Applying heat to a metal section before welding to prevent thermal stresses or thermal shock.

Prepasted Paper

General

The bottom side of wallpaper that has been prepared  with an adhesive to attach to a wall.  When moisted, it adheres to a wall's surface.

preservative (carpentry) Carpentry

Product

A material that stops fungi, borers and insects from deteriorating wood.

Preservative (paint) Art Materials and General Art Terms

Product

A material that inhibits microorganisms from growing in organic matter.

presser foot Quilting

Equipment
A sewing machine apparatus that stabilizes material flatly on the throat plate during the process of sewing.

pressing Quilting

Technical
Not the same as ironing. A method of using an iron by lowering and lifting it in order to create and keep seams as well as to take out wrinkles in the fabric.

Pressure Plate Film

Product

A section of a camera’s internal system.  It is positioned on the side of the film away from the gate.  Spring-loaded and smooth, the plate supports the film on the film plane.  It works as a kind of brake and assists to keep the film steady as the film is exposed. 

prewashing fabric Quilting

Technical
A method of using hot water to rinse material in order to cause it to shrink and take out any changes in its sizing prior to cutting it. Material is steam-ironed after it is dried.

primary color Color

General
One of the three main colors - blue, yellow, magenta, cyan and red. A color that cannot be made from other colors

primary structure Art Styles/Movements

General

Also known as minimal art or ABC art, primary structure art stems from a movement in the 1960's in which 3D structures of basic forms and flat colors are made, indicating the planes, lines and forms of geometry.  The artistic flair and interpretation usually linked with creativity are put aside to such a degree that the artist is often able to have an artwork created by a method of craftmanship.  Tinsmithing and cabinetmaking are examples of this type of art.  In essence, the artist is viewed as the originator, overseer and designer of the piece.  The primarily impetus of this movement has been the increase of standard design classes in art schools in which simple geometric shapes are analyzed indepthly in regards to their use in industrial design as well as for their own sake.  Los Angeles and New York have been the main hub of activity for this movement.   

Prime Lens Film

Equipment

A single focal length, telephoto, normal or wide lens (unlike a zoom lens that contains a variable focal length).  Prime lens are purchased in a set of various focal lengths; they are quicker, clearer and can magnify things closer than a zoom lens can.

Prime number Math

Technical

A whole number that is greater than 1 - and has only itself and 1 as factors. 

Primer Art Materials and General Art Terms

Product

A surfacing material used to coat a support to get it ready for paint application.

Primers Painting

Product

Paints (either oil-based or water-based) that function as sealers on unpainted surfaces.  Primers stop the layers of paint from seeping into a surface.

Print Film

Product

A copy of the original film footage.  A print is generally created through contact printing. 

Print Stock Film

Product

The film footage a lab uses to create prints (copies).  Generally, print stock is of a longer pitch than camera stock so it can be placed right up along the camera stock on the printing device.  Camera stock is faster than print stock (print stock has an A.S.A. of around 12),

Printer Font Graphic Design

General

A printer font includes font outline masters or high-resolution bitmaps that put characters down onto the printed page (versus to display on the screen).

Probability Math

Technical

The likelihood or chance of an event occuring.  Can be expressed generally (i.e. high or low) - or as a percentage anywhere from 0 to 100%. 

probiotic Fermentation

General

Probiotics are live microorganisms that can benefit the health of their host.  They control the overgrowth of bad bacteria in the intestinal tract and promote healthy microflora.  The term “probiotics” was coined by Stillwell and Lilly in 1965.  Probiotics can be found in fermented items such as kefir, yogurt and sauerkraut. 

 

 

Process Artist Anatomy

General

A term describing a type of bone convex form, a process is a finger-like shape that extends outwardly.

Process Color Separation Graphic Design

Technical

Process color separation is used to re-create color photographs.  Halftone dots of the process colors (including magenta, yellow, black and cyan) are superimposed to create many different kinds of hues. 

Production Cel Animation

General

A drawing made for the creation or development of an animated film’s production.  The drawing may or may not be used in the final film piece.

Profile Print Making

Technical

A profile refers to a particular color setting used with various papers and ink sets.  It is used to make the appropriate color reproduction of an image.  It changes one color space into another color space.

progressive rhythm Art Materials and General Art Terms

General

Progressive rhythm is one of the five types of visual rhythm.  It occurs when the positive and negative shapes in a design are changed every single time the design is repeated.  An example of progressive rhythm is found in the cloud formations in the sky.  

Pronate Artist Anatomy

General

To pronate as it relates to muscles means to turn downward in regard to the forearm.  A pronator is a muscle that pronates.

properties of color Color

General
The value, hue, intensity, and temperature of a color.

Proportion Drawing

General

Proportion refers to the correction depiction of the all the parts related to each other in a shape/form within a realistic painting or drawing.  Proportion lends a sense of balance and harmony to a piece of artwork.  One may decide to distort the proportions within an artwork to create a certain effect on the viewer. 

Proportionally Spaced Type Graphic Design

General

Proportionally spaced type is a kind of typeface that involves the horizontal space of characters being dictated by the character’s shape, as well as the characters around it. 

Protuberance Artist Anatomy

General

A term describing a type of bone convex form, a protuberance is a bigger, rather round bump. 

Proximal Artist Anatomy

General

The term proximal is a descriptive word regarding the locations of the body.  The term proximal relates to a section on a limb that is nearer to the trunk in distance. 

Publisher Business Art

General

The publisher is the marketing and printer company that creates and distributes the limited edition prints for the artist.   Artists may be the publisher of their artwork they have the correct equipment. 

 

puddle Welding

General
The liquid section that results from flame or electric heat application. If the puddle is correctly directed a good weld is usually ensured.

Pull Down Film

Technical

A pull down is done in order to line up the sound with a video transfer of picture if one needs to transfer sync sound to video.  The process involves the transfer of sound slowed from the speed of the film.  There are 24 film frames/second and 29.97 video frames/second.  This correlates to 23.98 film frames/second. 

Pull Processing Film

Technical

A kind of processing that involves developing the film for a shorter amount of time than usual in order to accommodate for planed overexposure of the film.

Pull Quote Graphic Design

General

A pull quote is a short phrase from the body text that is set apart from the rest of the text with a box, rules and/or a screen and increased in size.  It is placed in the center of a paragraph in order to add interest and to stress the text set apart.

Pull Up Film

Technical

Pull up refers to the method of placing the sound 26 frames in front of the picture when creating a print. The term may also refer to the transfer of the sound from video sped up from video speed of 29.97 video frames/second to 24 film frames/second.  This transfer has to be completed if the optical track is created after having mixed in video.  The term may also refer to the transfer of the first 26 frames of sound on a reel.  The frames are spliced on the sound of the previous real; this is done to prevent loss of sound once the film is printed with the sound pulled up.  When the reels are attached together, 26 frames of the sound are removed.

Pulldown Claw Film

Equipment

A segment of a camera’s movement that involves advancing the footage from an exposed frame to the following unexposed frame; this happens when the shutter of the camera is shut. 

pulsed spray transfer Welding

Technical

Transfer of consumable electrode that occurs  when droplets form at end of electrode with high current, and then cease forming at low current.   Also referred to as intermittent spray transfer.

Punctuation Block Graphic Design

General

A punctuation block includes multiple consecutive lines that finish with punctuation and cause the right margin to appear uneven in right-aligned or right-justified text.

purlins Carpentry

General
Roof members positioned horizontally that function as a means to uphold rafters in the middle of the ridge board and plate.

Push Processing Film

Technical

A kind of processing that involves developing film for an extended amount of time in order to accommodate for planned underexposure.  Individual scenes cannot be pushed, only complete rolls can be pushed.

 

push stick Carpentry

General
A pole that pushes along a piece as one is cutting. A push stick is used for safety reaons when using power tools.

putto, amorino Art Materials and General Art Terms

General

A putto (plural putti) is a plumb, often clotheless male child; such infants are frequently included in artwork from the 1400s.  Sometimes putti have wings, but they are not the same as cherubim which are angels.  Putti are non-religious in nature and represent a secular passion.  When a putto is used to portray a cupid, it is referred to as an amorino.  On the other hand, putto gradually came to be known as a symbol of God's omniprescence in Baroque art.  In the ancient classical world of art, infants with wings where thought to impact people's lives.  Putti were generally not used during the Middle Ages.  However, during the 1420s a man named Donatello from Florence brought putti back in a big way and is credited with reinventing putti during the time of the Renaissance.   He used putti in art with Christian messages, sometimes using them as angels playing music.  

 

 

PVA Art Materials and General Art Terms

Product

A synthetic resin used in varnishes and works as a painting medium.  Its full name is polyvinyl acetate.

Pyrometric cones Ceramic Art

Equipment

Pyrometric devices utilized to asses the conditions of heat during the firing of ceramic materials.  The cones give a visual portrayal of when the items have attained a level of maturity (related to temperature and time).  They are made out of clay and glaze material.